问答题
1.根据下面资料，回答46-50题
COVID-19 packs its punch largely through uncertainty.If the virus were visible to our eyes, we could have avoided it and conducted the rest of our business as usual.It’s not only that we cannot see the virus itself, but that we also don’t see its symptoms in some of the people who might infect us.And so, we take severe precautions. (46) [We avoid interactions with uninfected people who pose no risk to us, and we refrain from activities that would have let our economy remain afloat and perhaps even continue to prosper].We stay put when a poisonous insect is nearby, simply because we cannot see it.In Albert Camus’ book The Plague, a life-threatening disease provides a vivid illustration ofour existential reality.We know that we will die one day but cannot prepare for it since we have no way of forecasting when it will happen.Existential uncertainties extend beyond our private lives into the societal arena. (47) [One might naively assume that fundamental uncertainties in our lives merely reflect lack of information; and that by tracing the missing information, we would be able to clear the fog of the unknown].However, quantum mechanics, which lays the foundation for our physical reality, implies that there is a limit to the clarity we can hope to achieve.This implies that even ifwe retrieve all available information through a perfect experiment, we would still be unable to forecast the future of the electron deterministically.Traditionally, our life was shaped by massive objects, such as the car we drive in, for which Heisenberg’s uncertainty is entirely negligible. (48) [But with the advent of information technology, artificial intelligence and quantum computing, the quantum world may end up shaping medical decisions in life and death situations].The bedrock of reality is probabilistic.We can only assign likelihoods to different outcomes.Contrary to Albert Einstein’s letter to Max Born in 1926, we now know that nature does plays dice.There is always some probability that we might die after being infected by COVID-19.Those attending pool parties without social distancing play Russian roulette.Most of them will survive, but some will die.Of course, medical preconditions could strongly affect rare outcomes like death from COVID-19.Events in real life often stem from a confluence of many causes, making them difficult to decipher.Only under special circumstances is it possible to identify unambiguously the main cause of a phenomenon. (49) [This is the reason behind controlled scientific experiments, which offer the opportunity to isolate one influence at a time in the quest for better understanding].When data are scarce, the perception of the scientific community can change considerably.Recent RNA sequencing of virus mutations revealed that the path of COVID-19 infections throughout the United States was very different than previously thought.But even when a lot of data are collected, our ability to comprehend its true meaning limits the reliability of our forecast.The Mayan culture assembled a vast amount of astronomical data over many centuries and correlated their sky images with human history for the political benefit of forecasting the outcome of wars.The current purpose of science is to relate causes to effects in a reproducible fashion without wishful thinking or prejudice. (50) [Astronomy educates us that the motions of planets and stars have nothing to do with human actions, and genetics enlightens us that human abilities have nothing to do with skin color]. 参考答案：详见解析
【解析】第（46）题
本文节选自Scientific American: Living with Scientific Uncertainty
本文首段指出新冠肺炎的打击主要来自不确定性。第二段引用阿尔贝 ·加缪的书《鼠疫》指出存在的不确定 性已经超出了我们的私人生活，进入了社会舞台。第三、四段指出即使我们通过一个完美的实验检索所有可获得的信息，我们仍然无法确定地预测电子的未来。第五段指出自然确实存在不确定性。第六段指出医疗条 件可能会严重影响罕见的结果。最后两段指出即使收集了大量数据，我们理解其真实含义的能力也会限制我 们预测的可靠性。本句由并列连词and连接的两个分句构成，and前的分句中包含一个who引导的定语从句，修 饰uninfected people，该定语从句不长，翻译时前置即可，pose risk to意为“对……造成威胁”,uninfected people who pose no risk to 即“不会对我们构成威胁的未感染者”；第二个分句中包含 一个that引导的定语从句，修饰activities，该定语从句翻译时可前置。
【参考译文】
我们避免与不会对我们构成威胁的未感染者进行互动，并且我们避免开展会使我们的经济持续发展甚至可能 继续繁荣的活动。
第（47）题
本句是主从复合句。并列连词and连接的是两个由that引导的宾语从句，作assume的宾语，分号前的句子中无 疑难词汇与表达，可直接顺译；介词短语by tracing…为方式状语，分号后的宾语从句同样顺译即可。
【参考译文】
有人可能天真地认为，我们生活中基本的不确定性只是反映了信息的匮乏；通过追踪缺失的信息，我们将能 够清除未知的迷雾。
第（48）题
本句为简单句，with the advent of意为“随着……的出现”，of后面为三个并列的成分；句子主干为the quantum world may end up…shape意为“形成；塑造，使成形”，此处与medical decisions构成动宾关系 ,可引申为“影响”。
【参考译文】
但随着信息技术、人工智能和量子计算的出现，量子世界可能最终会影响生与死的医疗决定。 第（49）题本句为主从复合句，逗号前This is the reason为主句，behind…为状语；which引导非限制性定语从句修饰 experiments，翻译时可以译为“这些实验……”，isolate在此处意为“单独考虑”；in the quest for意 为“在寻求……的过程中”。
【参考译文】
这就是受控科学实验背后的原因，这些实验在寻求更好的理解的过程中提供了一次单独考虑一种影响的机会。
第（50）题
本句由并列连词and连接的两个分句构成，educate和enlighten本意相近，根据汉语表达习惯，可以同时翻译 为“告诉”，使得句式更加工整；have nothing to do with意为“与……无关”。
【参考译文】
天文学告诉我们行星和恒星的运动与人类的行为无关，遗传学告诉我们人类的能力与肤色无关。
【全文参考译文】
新冠肺炎疫情的打击主要来自不确定性。如果我们能看到病毒，我们就可以避开它，然后像往常一样继续我 们的工作。我们不仅看不到病毒本身，而且在一些可能会传染给我们的人身上看不到它的症状。因此，我们 采取了严格的预防措施。我们避免与不会对我们构成威胁的未感染者进行互动，并且我们避免开展会使我们 的经济持续发展甚至可能继续繁荣的活动。当有毒的昆虫靠近时，我们待在原地不动，仅仅是因为我们看不 见它。在阿尔贝 ·加缪所著的《鼠疫》一书中，一种危及生命的疾病生动地说明了我们的生存现状。我们知道我们 总有一天会死去，但我们无法为它做好准备，因为我们无法预测它何时会发生。存在的不确定性已经超出了 我们的私人生活，进入了社会舞台。有人可能天真地认为，我们生活中基本的不确定性只是反映了信息的匮乏；通过追踪缺失的信息，我们将能 够清除未知的迷雾。然而，为我们的物理现实奠宗基础的量子力学暗示，我们能够希望达到的清晰度是有限 的。这意味着，即使我们通过一个完美的实验检索所有可获得的信息，我们仍然无法确切地预测电子的未来。传统上，我们的生活是由巨大的物体塑造的，比如我们驾驶的汽车，在这一点上，海森堡的不确定性完全可以 忽略不计。但随着信息技术、人工智能和量子计算的出现，量子世界可能最终会影响生与死的医疗决定。现 实的基础是概率。我们只能给不同的结果分配可能性。与阿尔伯特‘爱因斯坦在1926年给马克斯 ·玻恩的信相反，我们现在知道自然确实在玩骰子。在感染新冠病 毒后，我们总有可能死亡。那些没有保持社交距离去参加泳池派对的人在玩俄罗斯轮盘赌。他们中的大多数 将生存，但有些将死亡。当然，医疗条件可能会严重影响罕见的结果，如因新冠肺炎死亡。现实生活中的事件往往是由多种原因共同 导致的，这使得它们很难被解读。只有在特殊情况下，才有可能明确一种现象的主要致因。这就是受控科学 实验背后的原因，这些实验在寻求更好的理解的过程中提供了一次单独考虑一种影响的机会。当数据稀缺时，科学界的看法可能会发生很大的变化。最近对病毒突变的RNA测序表明，整个美国的新冠肺炎 感染途径与以前所想的完全不同。但是，即使收集了大量数据，我们理解其真实含义的能力也会限制我们预测的可靠性。玛雅文化在数个世纪 里收集了大量的天文数据，并将他们的天空图像与人类历史联系起来，以获得预测战争结果的政治利益。科 学的当前目的是将原因和结果以一种可再现的方式联系起来，而不会产生一厢情愿的想法或偏见。天文学告 诉我们行星和恒星的运动与人类的行为无关，遗传学告诉我们人类的能力与肤色无关。
2.Directions:
Write a letter to the local newspaper, commenting on the current movement of “trash classification” and providing some suggestions.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Don’t write the address.Don’t sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use “Li Ming”
instead. (10 points) 参考答案：详见解析
【解析】Dear Sir or Madam,
I am a local resident and a loyal reader of your newspaper.I would like to write a comment on the current event of trash classification and offer some suggestions.
Trash classification is indeed an environment-friendly action and has a far-reaching impact on our society and our earth in the long run.In practice, however, the enforcement is not so satisfactory.The most significant reason is that residents are confused about how to classify different garbage.So, mis-placed trashes are not uncommon to see.To respond to this problem, we need more concrete instructions from departments concerned or the media.Besides, an online application regarding this may be an effective means for people. I hope my suggestions will be useful and wish our environment could be increasingly pleasant. Yours sincerely, Li Ming.
3.Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below.In your essay, you should
1) describe the picture briefly,
2) interpret the implied meaning, and
3) give your comments.
Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
参考答案：详见解析
【解析】【参考范文】
As is vividly depicted in the picture, a man, holding a gun in his hand, is chasing two rabbits at the same time.And the caption below the picture reads “those who chase two rabbits will inevitably get nothing. ” It is apparent that this cartoon highlights the importance of setting up a correct goal. Goals are crucial to a person, so to say, what kind of goal leads to what kind of life.Without goals, life is often meaningless; with clear, long-term goals and constant effort, one can live a successful life.Successful people have visions of what their life should be like and they set proper goals to help them realize the visions.By setting proper goals you can take control of your life.It is like having a map to show where you want to go.Living without a proper aim is like sailing without a compass, which tells us that setting a proper goal is extremelyimportant in life.
As far as I am concerned, setting a proper aim is of especial significance for today’s students.When students set goals, they learn the importance of taking responsibility, minimizing excuses and helping others.Setting proper goals is a lifelong skill that first helps students succeed in school and then later in life.
正如图中生动描绘的那样，一个男人手里拿着枪，同时追赶两只兔子。图片下方的标题显示为“追两只兔子 的人，难免一无所获”。显然，这幅漫画突出了设定正确目标的重要性。
目标对于一个人来说是至关重要的，可以说，有什么样的目标就会有什么样的生活。没有目标，生活往往毫 无意义；有了明确的、长期的目标和不断的努力，一个人就可以获得成功的人生。成功的人对他们的生活有 自己的愿景，他们设定适当的目标来帮助他们实现这些愿景。通过设定适当的目标，你可以掌控自己的生活 。这就像有一张地图显示你想去的地方。没有目标的生活就像没有罗盘的航行，这告诉我们在生活中设定正确的目标是极其重要的。
在我看来，设定一个适当的目标对今天的学生来说尤为重要。当学生设定目标时，他们能了解承担责任、减 少借口和帮助他人的重要性。设定适当的目标是一项终身技能，它首先有助于学生在学校取得成功，然后在 以后的生活中取得成功。
共享题干题
【题干】根据以下材料，回答1-20题。
We create countless memories as we live our lives but many of these we forget.Why? Counter to the general 1 that memories simply decay with time, “forgetting” might not be a bad thing—that is according to scientists who believe it may 2 a form of learning.The scientists 3 the new theory suggest that changes in our ability to access 4 memories are based on environmental feedback and predictability.5 being a bug, forgetting may be a functional feature of the brain, 6 it to interact dynamically with the environment.In a changing world like the one we and many other 7 live in, forgetting some memories can be beneficial 8 this can lead to more 9 behaviour and better decision-making.If memories, were gained in circumstances that are not wholly 10 to the current environment, forgetting them can be a positive change that improves our wellbeing.So, 11, the scientists believe we learn to forget some memories while 12 others that are important.Forgetting of course comes at the 13 of lost information, but a growing 14 of research indicates that, at least in some cases, forgetting is 15 altered memory access rather than memory loss.Memories are stored in groups of neurons called “engram cells” and successful recall of these memories 16 the reactivation of these groups.The logical 17 of this is that forgetting occurs when engram cells cannot be reactivated.The memories themselves are still there, but if the specific groups cannot be activated, they can’t be recalled.It’s as if the memories are stored in a safe but you can’t remember the code to 18 it.Importantly, “natural forgetting” is reversible in certain circumstances, and in disease states these natural forgetting 19 are hijacked, which results in greatly 20 engram cell accessibility and pathological memory loss.
4.【单项选择题】第1题答案是
A.principle B.assumption C.response
D.excuse
参考答案：B
【解析】文章开头先引出“遗忘”这一现象，并提出对原因的探究。空格句随即介绍一些科学家的看法 ：与“记忆只是随着时间的推移而逐渐衰退”这个普遍的1相反，遗忘可能并非坏事。可见，空格句意在援引 科学家的新观点“遗忘并非坏事”，来反驳人们的普遍认识／假设／观点，assumption通常指“（无证据的 )假定；臆断”，符合语境，选项B正确。
5.【单项选择题】第6题答案是
A.prohibiting B.forcing
C.reminding D.allowing 参考答案：D
【解析】空格句指出：遗忘并非大脑故障，它可能是大脑的一种功能特征，6大脑（it回指thebrain）与环境动态互动。联系上句“遗忘与环境反馈和可预测性有关”可知，空格句意在从大脑功能出发,解释遗忘与环境之间的关系：使大脑与环境能够动态互动。allow可表示“使可能；使能够发生”，用于此 处与后半部分构成现在分词短语作伴随状语，解释说明遗忘的功能性(a functional feature)，D项正确。
6.【单项选择题】第9题答案是
A.flexible
B.informed
C.volatile
D.disruptive 参考答案：A
【解析】空格所在从句介绍遗忘有益的原因：遗忘可以带来更9行为和更好的决策。联系句首状语“在不 断变化的世界里”及常识可知，旧有记忆可能会使人们固守成规，难以适应世界的新变化；而遗忘一些记忆 则可以帮助人们突破桎梏，带来更加灵活、更具适应性的行为，以更好地适应世界的新变化，A项正确。
7.【单项选择题】第8题答案是
A.though B.as
C.unless D.until
参考答案：B
【解析】空格所在句意为：在不断变化的世界里，忘记一些记忆可能是有益的，8这可以带来9行为和更 好的决策。可见，空格前引出结论（遗忘有益），空格后则论述理由（遗忘可优化决策），空格词应传递因 果关系，B项正确。
8.【单项选择题】第7题答案是
A.nationalities B.organisms
C.institutions D.respondents 参考答案：B
【解析】空格句指出：在一个不断变化的世界里，比如我们和许多其他7所生活的当下，忘记一些记忆可 能是有益的。由and many other可知，空格词应与we并列，并且指向we的上义词。而we此处实指“生活在当 下世界里，每一个可能会忘记一些记忆的个体”，选项中唯有B项organisms能够涵盖we的具体所指，可视为we的上义词，故正确。
9.【单项选择题】第5题答案是
A.Regardless of
B.As for
C.Rather than D.Aside from 参考答案：C
【解析】空格句指出：5是一种故障，遗忘可能是大脑的一种功能特征，6与环境动态互动。联系上文新 旧观点的对比“遗忘并非坏事VS遗忘是记忆的衰退”以及此处“a functional feature VS a bug”的对比可 知，空格句意在否定旧观点(a bug)，提出新观点，故空格词应用于引出对旧观点的否定／抛弃／反驳，C项正确。
10.【单项选择题】第4题答案是
A.specific B.traumatic C.working
D.distant
B、D项代入文中分别指向“痛苦回忆”“遥远回忆”，但通过全文可知，“遗忘”并不是由于某类记忆痛苦 或间隔时间久。
C项代入文中指“工作记忆”，这是一种对信息进行暂时加工和贮存的容量有限的记忆系统，显然并非本文探 讨的对象。
参考答案：A
【解析】空格句具体介绍新理论的相关观点：我们获取4记忆的能力的变化与环境反馈和可预测性有关。 联系首段“我们产生了很多记忆但其中许多(many of these)都忘记了”可知，空格句意在解释一些记忆被遗忘（而另一些没有被遗忘）的原因：环境反馈和可预测性会影响记忆的获取，它会导致某个或某种特定的 （如与环境无关的、与预测不相符的）记忆被遗忘”，空格词应体现这一选择性／偏向性，A项正确。
11.【单项选择题】第3题答案是
A.under
B.around
C.against
D.behind
参考答案：D
【解析】空格句指出，科学家们3新理论认为，我们获取4记忆的能力的变化与环境反馈和可预测性有关 。联系上文可知，空格后the new theory回指首段新观点“遗忘并非坏事”，而空格前The scientists的观 点“遗忘与环境反馈和可预测性有关（即记忆并非只是简单地随时间推移而衰退）”与首段新观点一致，故 The scientists应指向新理论的支持者／倡导者，behind可用于表示“支持；赞成（人、观点等）”，用于 此处契合空格前后的逻辑关系，故正确。
【选项辨析】
B项有一定干扰，around虽也可表示一致关系，但其通常表示“根据某种需求、愿望、想法等组织某事”，如I can’t arrange everything around your timetable! 我不可能事事都按着你的时刻表安排!
12.【单项选择题】第2题答案是
A.substitute B.recognise C.represent D.support
参考答案：C
【解析】空格所在从句介绍科学家们的观点：遗忘(it)可能2一种学习方式。结合破折号前科学家们的新 认识“遗忘可能并非坏事”可知，空格句先对遗忘“定性(not be a bad thing)”，后通过对遗忘“本质(a form of learning)”的介绍来对这一定性加以解释。故空格词应用于引出it的性质／特征／本质等 ，represent意为“等于；相当于；意味着”，符合文意，选项C正确。
13.【单项选择题】第10题答案是
A.harmful
B.accustomed C.familiar
D.relevant 参考答案：D
【解析】空格所在句指出：如果记忆是在与／对当前环境不完全10的情况下获得的，那么忘记它们可能 是一种积极的改变，能够让我们生活得更好。空格所在部分(not wholly 10 to)应体现that（回指circumstances）与the current environment之间的关系，联系上题可知，遗忘的益处在于它可以提高我们 对环境的适应性；可见，如果（旧有）记忆获取的情境与当前的环境不相关／关联，那么忘记这些记忆则可 能带来积极的改变，D项正确。
14.【单项选择题】第11题答案是
A.in effect
B.in return
C.in contrast
D.in part
参考答案：A
【解析】空格句指出：因此，11，科学家们认为我们学会了忘记一些记忆，同时12其他重要的记忆。联 系上文可知，空格句由上段“遗忘的益处”过渡至“遗忘的机制／本质”：遗忘好处多多，故而大脑也逐渐 适应环境，习得(learn to)了“遗忘”这一功能特征。故空格词应承上启下，引出对“遗忘”本质的澄清和 探讨，in effect意为“实际上；事实上”，A项正确。
15.【单项选择题】第12题答案是
A.rejecting B.reviewing C.retaining D.retrieving 参考答案：C
【解析】空格句介绍“遗忘”背后的机制：我们学会了忘记一些记忆，同时12其他重要的记忆。联系上 文可知，“遗忘”并非大脑衰退带来的副产品，而是大脑的一种主动选择(learn to)：忘记与当前环境无关 的，保留与环境有关的重要记忆。可见，空格词应与forget语义相反，指向记住／保留等，C项正确。
16.【单项选择题】第13题答案是
A.height B.request C.cost
D.mercy
参考答案：C
【解析】空格句指出：当然，遗忘发生在13信息丢失(lost information)，但14研究表明，至少在某些 情况下，遗忘15记忆访问的改变，而非记忆的丢失(memory loss)。由句内的转折逻辑可知，空格句先让步承认“遗忘一般伴随着信息丢失”，后转而指出“遗忘不一定(in some cases)代表记忆的丢失”。at the cost of sth意为“以……为代价”，能够正确体现人们对遗忘的惯常看法“导致信息丢失”，C项正确。
【选项辨析】
at the height of sth意为“在……的鼎盛时期”； at the request of sth意为“在……的要求下”；at the mercy of sth意为“完全由……支配”，三者均无法体现“遗忘”与“信息丢失”的关系。
17.【单项选择题】第14题答案是
A.trend B.body C.view D.type
参考答案：B
【解析】结合上题分析可知，空格所在后半句（but后）意在论证“遗忘不一定代表记忆的丢失”：增长 的14研究表明，至少在某些情况下，遗忘15记忆访问的改变，而非记忆的丢失。可见，空格句意在以“越来 越多的实证发现”论证“新观点的合理性”。a body of sth意为“大量……；大批……”，B项正确。
18.【单项选择题】第15题答案是
A.due to
B.similar to C.ahead of
D.free from 参考答案：A
【解析】空格所在部分介绍新的研究发现：至少在某些情况下，遗忘15记忆访问的改变，而非记忆的丢 失。联系上两题分析可知，空格所在部分意在介绍遗忘背后的原因／机制，空格词应传递altered memoryaccess与forgetting的因果关系，A项正确。
19.【单项选择题】第16题答案是
A.hinders
B.excludes C.guides
D.involves 参考答案：D
【解析】空格句指出：记忆存储在某种神经元集群中，而成功回忆起这些记忆16重新激活这些（神经元 )集群。可见，“重新激活神经元集群”是“成功回忆起某些记忆”的条件，空格词应体现这一条件关系,involve表示“需要”时，可传递这一关联，D项正确。
20.【单项选择题】第17题答案是
A.paradox
B.extension C.concept
D.structure 参考答案：B
【解析】空格句指出：这一点(this)的合理17是，当印迹细胞无法被重新激活时，遗忘就会发生。联系上句this的所指“成功回忆起一些记忆需要重新激活印迹细胞”可知。空格句中表语从句所述观点应是 this的合理推论／推导／延伸，B项正确。
21.【单项选择题】第18题答案是
A.unlock
B.solve
C.preserve D.recollect 参考答案：A
【解析】上文指出：遗忘发生时，记忆本身还在，只不过特定的神经元集群无法被激活。空格句随即以 比喻(as if)解释这一机制：就好比记忆被储存在一个保险箱里，但你却不记得密码来18它（it回指safe）。 可见，空格句意在以“保险箱无法被打开”来喻指“印迹细胞无法被激活／记忆无法被获取”，空格词应表 示“打开／开启／解锁”等，A项正确。
22.【单项选择题】第19题答案是
A.substances B.vehicles
C.mechanisms D.cells
参考答案：C
【解析】空格句先指出：“自然遗忘”在某些情况下是可逆的，后引出疾病带来的改变：这些自然遗忘 19被操控／劫持，导致20印迹细胞的可及性和病理性记忆丧失。由“自然遗忘的可逆性”及上文可知，these natural forgetting 19回指大脑“通过与环境的动态互动来改变印迹细胞的可及性，进而导致记忆访问的改变”这一机制／过程(恢 复记忆—成功—激活印迹细胞—失败—自然遗忘)，C项正确。
23.【单项选择题】第20题答案是
A.tightened B.relaxed
C.enhanced D.reduced
参考答案：D
【解析】空格句指出：在疾病状态下，这些自然遗忘机制被操控／劫持，导致印迹细胞的可及性大大20 和病理性记忆丧失。联系上文可推知，印迹细胞的可及性与记忆的读取有关：印迹细胞可及——回忆成功;印迹细胞不可及——回忆失败／遗忘（可逆）。在疾病状态下，印迹细胞的可及性会被大大降低，进而将 导致不可逆的病理性记忆丧失。D项正确。
【参考译文】
我们在生活中创造了无数记忆，但其中许多记忆我们都忘记了。为什么呢？与人们的普遍假设“记忆只是随 着时间的推移而逐渐衰退”相反，“遗忘”可能并非坏事——根据一些科学家们的看法，遗忘可能代表着一 种学习方式。支持这一新理论的科学家们认为，我们获取特定记忆的能力的变化与环境反馈和可预测性有关。遗忘并非大 脑故障，它可能是大脑的一种功能特征，使其能够与环境动态互动。在一个不断变化的世界里，比如我们和许多其他生物所生活的当下，忘记一些记忆可能是有益的，因为这可 以带来更灵活的行为和更好的决策。如果记忆是在与当前环境不完全相关的情况下获得的，那么忘记它们可 能是一种积极的改变，能够让我们生活得更好。因此，科学家们实际上认为，我们学会了忘记一些记忆，同时保留其他重要的记忆。当然，遗忘是以信息丢 失为代价的，但越来越多的研究表明，至少在某些情况下，遗忘是由于记忆访问的改变，而不是记忆的丢失。记忆存储在被称为“印迹细胞”的神经元集群中，成功回忆起这些记忆需要重新激活这些（神经元）集群。 这一点的合理延伸是，当印迹细胞无法被重新激活时，遗忘就会发生。记忆本身还在，但如果特定的（神经 元）集群无法被激活，记忆就无法回忆起来。这就好比记忆被储存在一个保险箱里，但你却不记得解锁的密码。重要的是，“自然遗忘”在某些情况下是可逆的，而在疾病状态下，这些自然遗忘机制被操控了，这使印迹 细胞的可及性大大降低，进而导致了病理性记忆丧失。
【题干】根据下面资料，回答21-25题
Britain is ageing badly.Or at least without paying due care and attention to a demographic revolution that may be more destabilising than is generally understood.The fact that we are living longer is common knowledge.According to a study by the Office for National Statistics, the proportion of people aged 85 and over will almost double during the course of the next 25 years.By 2030, one in five people (21.8%) will be aged 65 or over.[This] creates most obviously a huge healthcare challenge.Successive governments have failed to deal with the crisis in social care provision.The Johnson government has shamefully kicked the issue further into the long grass.This has been a collective negligence of duty by Westminster. The social care failure is at least well chronicled.An important report published by the Resolution Foundation on Monday highlighted another, less well understood, dimension to ageing in Britain.In a period when polarisation and division has gripped our body politic to such a disturbing degree, it should give pause for thought.According to the thinktank’s research, some parts of the UK are ageing twiceas fast in the 21st century as others.The area of Britain with the oldest typical age is North Norfolk (53.8 years).The youngest is Oxford (29 years).Coastal and rural areas in particular are experiencing rapidly ageing populations.The drivers of this divergence are various, from booming student populations in places such as Nottingham and Newcastle, to higher birth rates in areas such as Barking and Dagenham.More generally, the study’s findings suggest an ongoing drift of young people from smaller towns and rural areas to large towns and cities, which have benefited from the lion’s share of economic growth in the post-industrial era.The Centre for Towns has estimated that since 1981, towns have lost more than 1 million under-25s and gained 2 million pensioners. A virtuous circle has been created in prospering urban centres: these cities and large towns, usually boasting at least one major university, attract well-qualified young people, who in turn lure in further investment.Manchester has enjoyed a 21st-century revival through a service and IT-driven economy.Manchester has got younger.Places such as Wigan, 15 miles away, have become older. The trend risks stretching to breaking point social services in some of the country’s poorest local authorities, which are faced with falling budgets and a bigger care bill.There is also a danger that demographic divergence will entrench cultural and political divides that are already a feature of the political landscape.In the Brexit referendum, England’s ageing smaller towns voted overwhelmingly to leave.London, Manchester and Leeds (just) voted to remain.It is surely unhealthy for the national conversation that an unbalanced economy is skewing the age profile of counties.Britain does not need a new geography of ageing to add to our multiplying social divides.
24.【单项选择题】In the first paragraph, “This” probably refers to
A.the longer longevity of people. B.the trend of ageing in Britain. C.the demographic revolution.
D.the governments’ inefficiency.
参考答案：B
【解析】第一段中题干关键词“This”所在句意为：这对医疗保健来说显然是一个巨大的挑战(This creates most obviously a huge healthcare challenge.)，This指代的肯定是前文所提及内容。其上文指 出：根据国家统计局的一项研究显示，在未来25年里，85岁及以上人口的比例几乎将翻一番。到2030年，五 分之一(21.8%)的人的年龄在65岁或以上。(According to a study by the Office for National Statistics, the proportion of people aged 85 and over will almost double during the course of the next 25 years.By 2030, one in five people (21.8%) will be aged 65 or over.) 很明显，这两句 指出了英国人口老龄化的趋势，而这一趋势对医疗保健来说是一个巨大的挑战。选项B“英国人口老龄化的趋 势”为正确选项。
【选项辨析】
选项A：人类寿命更长。利用第三句中的we are living longer设置干扰； 选项C：人口结构变革。利用第二句中的demographic revolution作干扰；选项D：政府的不作为。对第一段最后三句总结概括进行干扰。 三个选项代入后均不符合上下文逻辑。
25.【单项选择题】The author’s attitude toward successive governments can be described as
A.critical. B.neutral.
C.ambiguous.
D.positive. 参考答案：A
【解析】根据题干关键词successive governments定位至首段最后一句。通过failed to（未能）、 shamefully kicked the issue further into the long grass（可耻地把这个问题进一步搁置）、a collective negligence of duty（集体的玩忽职守）可知，作者对政府的观点态度是负面消极的，故A项 “批评的”正确。
26.【单项选择题】The less well-known aspect of ageing in Britain is
A.the disturbing status quo of political system.
B.the gap between the oldest and youngest typical age. C.the unbalanced ageing speed among regions.
D.the difficulties in addressing ageing in rural areas. 参考答案：C
【解析】根据题干中的关键词The less well-known aspect of ageing in Britain对应第二段中的another, less well understood, dimension to ageing in Britain定位至原文第二段，其第二句指出：决 议基金会周一发布的重要报告突显了英国老龄化另一个不为人所知的方面。第三句指出：当前政治体系的两 极分化令人不安，人们应该停下来思考一下。第四句为研究的内容，即在21世纪，英国某些地区的老龄化速度是其他地区的两倍，也就是老龄化速度不平衡。下文接着举例对此进行说明。由此可知，英国老龄化的另 一个不为人所知的方面就是老龄化速度的不平衡，故C项“各地区之间不平衡的老龄化速度”正确。
【选项辨析】
选项A：令人不安的政治体系现状。利用第三句进行干扰，但本句内容与老龄化问题无关，故排除；
选项B：最大和最小典型年龄之间的差距。利用段末所举例子进行干扰，但例子是为了证明英国老龄化速度不平衡，故B项排除；
选项D：解决农村地区老龄化问题的困难。该段并未提及解决农村地区老龄化问题的内容，故D项排除。
27.【单项选择题】The following factors have brought about different speed of ageing in different regions except
A.surge in student numbers.
B.shoot up of newborns.
C.sound economic development.
D.imperfect pension plan.
参考答案：D
【解析】根据题干内容定位至原文第二、三段，第二段指出人口老龄化速度存在区域差异，第三段首句 指出导致这种差异的原因有很多。接着展开具体论述，导致差异的原因包括学生人数的激增、高出生率、从 经济增长中获益匪浅等。结合四个选项，只有D项“不完善的养老金计划”原文未提及，故为正确答案。
【选项辨析】
选项A：学生人数的激增； 选项B：新生儿的激增；
选项C：良好的经济发展。
28.【单项选择题】The word “entrench” (Para.5) most probably means
A.deepen.
B.bridge.
C.lessen.
D.deliver. 参考答案：A
【解析】根据定位词定位到第五段第二句，该句指出：此外还有一种危险，人口分化将entrench已经成 为政治格局特征的文化和政治分歧。该句与第一句都是在论述这一趋势的弊端。首句中的The trend risks和 本句中的There is also a danger为同义。既然论述的是弊端，那么该空所填词代入后，整句话的意思应是 负面消极的。A项代入后为“加深分歧”，“加深已经成为政治格局特征的文化和政治分歧”符合上下文逻辑 ,故A项正确。
【选项辨析】
B项“弥合”和C项“减轻”代入后分别为“弥合／减轻分歧”，与此处的行文逻辑相反，“弥合／减轻分歧 ”并不是一种risk（危险），故排除；D项“递送”代入后语义及搭配不当，故排除。
【参考译文】
英国人口老龄化严重。或者至少可以说没有对一场人口结构变革给予应有的关注和重视，这场人口结构变革 可能比人们通常所理解的更不稳定。人类寿命延长这个事实众所周知。英国国家统计局的一项研究显示，未 来25年内，85岁及以上人口的比例将几乎翻一番。到2030年，每五个人中就有一个（21.8%）年龄在65岁或以 上。这显然带来了一个巨大的医疗保健挑战。历届政府都未能处理好社会保障的危机。约翰逊政府可耻地把 这个问题进一步搁置。这是威斯敏斯特集体的玩忽职守。社会保障制度的崩溃至少被详细记录了下来。决议基金会周一发布的一份重要报告突显了英国老龄化另一个 不那么为人所知的方面。当两极分化和分裂已经把我们的政治体系控制到如此令人不安的程度时，人们应该 停下来思考一下。根据该智囊团的研究，在21世纪，英国某些地区的老龄化速度是其他地区的两倍。典型年 龄最大的英国地区是北诺福克（53.8岁），最年轻的是牛津（29岁）。尤其是沿海地区和农村地区面临着人 口迅速老龄化的问题。导致这种差异的原因有很多，诺汉和纽卡斯尔等地学生人数的激增，到巴金和达格纳姆等地区的高出生率。 总的来说，这项研究的结果表明，年轻人正在从小城镇和农村地区流向大城镇，后工业化时代，这些地区从 经济增长中获益匪浅。城镇中心估计，自1981年以来，城镇失去了100多万25岁以下的人口。增加了200万养恤金领取者。繁荣的城市中心形成了一个良性循环：这些城市和大城镇通常至少有一所主要大学吸引着优秀的年轻人，他 们反过来又吸引进一步的投资。曼彻斯特通过服务业和信息技术驱动的经济已经迎来了21世纪的复兴。曼彻 斯特变得更年轻了。而像15英里外的维冈这样的地方，已经变得越来越老。这种趋势可能会延伸到该国一些最贫穷的地方当局的社会服务中断点，这些地方当局面临着预算下降和医疗 费用增加的问题。还有一种危险是，人口分化将加深已经成为政治格局特征的文化和政治分歧。在英国脱欧 公投中，英格兰老龄化的小城镇以压倒性多数投票决定离开。伦敦、曼彻斯特和利兹（公正地）投票决定留 下。不平衡的经济正在扭曲社会的年龄结构，这肯定不利于全国的交流。英国不需要一个新的老龄化地理环 境来增加我们不断扩大的社会鸿沟。
【题干】根据下面资料，回答26-30题
FOR many economists, the model for a covid-19 furlough（休假） scheme has been Germany’s.It already had a good record, managing to avoid big job losses during the global financial crisis of 2008-09.Then, the German government paid the bulk of wages of people who had temporarily stopped working, rather than letting their employers fire them altogether.It did not prevent a nasty recession, but remarkably few jobs were lost. Can other countries successfully copy Germany? German economists answer “Jein”—both yes and no.First of all, Kurzarbeit (Germany’s furlough scheme) is being tested on an unprecedented scale.Whereas at the peak of the financial crisis in May 2009 just under 1.5m German workers were furloughed, 7.3m employees in Germany were on short-term work in May, according to the Ifo Institute for Economic Research, a think-tank. Second, no one knows when the effects of the pandemic will end, or whether there will be a second wave, whereas during the financial crisis it was generally (and rightly) assumed that the recession would be brutal but short.Also, Germany’s scheme dovetailed well with other aspects of German corporate governance, such as workers’ representation on company boards.These stopped bosses firing employees as soon as the economy turned sour.As with the German scheme, France’s chômage partiel is flexible: firms can claim just a part of a worker’s salary if he or she is putting in reduced hours.These generous schemes in France and Germany have attracted crooks.The French labour ministry has spotted several types of fraud.Some companies have claimed subsidised wages for employees who have kept working (sometimes even on overtime).Others have submitted claims for more than employees actually earn.By some estimates, as much as 10% of furlough pay is lost to fraud. Those sceptical of furlough schemes argue that they are costly and keep alive badly run companies that should die.The cost is indeed huge, but so is the cost of deep recessions.The usual German leave pay is the equivalent of what, on average, people younger than 50 are paid in their first year at work.Some workers would stay in employment anyway, so the payment is wasted on them.Yet it is probably worth subsidising them, saving tens of thousands of jobs, even if that keeps some corporate losers alive for a bit longer. Oliver Stettes of the Cologne Institute for Economic Research says Austria illustrates why such schemes are working.The registered unemployment rate there rose to 12.8% in April (5.5 percentage points more than a year before).However, once a much improved scheme was brought in, replacing up to 90% of wages, the jobless rate steadied at 11.5% in May.Short-time work schemes are a useful way to bridge a short period of low demand for economies that do not suffer from fundamental structural weaknesses.Depending on the shape of the recovery, unemployment in euro- zone countries may eventually rise once the money runs out—but less than it would have done without furlough schemes.
29.【单项选择题】It can be learned from the first paragraph that furlough scheme
A.prevented a severe economic recession.
B.had been adopted more than a decade.
C.helped people through the unemployment crisis. D.will enable Germany get through the new crisis.
参考答案：B
【解析】本文节选自The Economist《经济学人》，原文标题为Germany Spends Big to Save Jobs（德 国斥巨资来挽救就业）。首段指出德国的休假计划曾成功减少失业率。第二至三段指出不确定德国的休假计 划是否适用于其他国家：疫情带来了太多不确定性。第四至五段指出虽然该计划确实存在一些问题，但是对降低失业率确实有所助益。最后一段指出该计划确实有用，但是一旦国家资金耗尽，失业率还是会迅速上升 。根据题干关键词定位到第一段，其首句指出，对许多经济学家来说，新冠肺炎疫情期间的休假计划是德国 独有的。第二句指出，德国的休假计划也曾发挥作用，在2008年至2009年全球金融危机期间成功避免了大量 失业的状况发生。由此可知，在2008年至2009年全球金融危机期间德国就施行了休假计划，B项“在十几年前 就采用过”符合文意，故为正确答案。
【选项辨析】
选项A：阻止了严重的经济衰退。第一段最后一句指出，这虽然没有阻止严重的经济衰退，A项与文意相悖 ,故排除；
选项C：帮助人们渡过失业危机。文中说“成功避免了大量失业的状况发生”，C项中的people指向比较模糊 ,故排除；
选项D：将使德国度过新的危机。D项原文未提及，故排除。
30.【单项选择题】Whether Germany’s scheme will work in other countries is
A.affirmative.
B.pessimistic. C.uncertain.
D.unmentioned. 参考答案：C
【解析】根据题干定位到第二段，该段首句以问句指出：其他国家能否成功复制德国的计划？第二句接 着对此问题进行回答，即德国经济学家的答案是“Jein”（不确定）。C项是对原文both yes and no的同义 替换，故C项“不确定的”正确。
【选项辨析】
选项A：肯定的；
选项B：悲观的；
选项D：未提及的。
31.【单项选择题】The phrase “dovetailed with” (Para.3) most probably means
A.fitting together neatly. B.falling behind slightly. C.deriving from mostly.
D.going against largely. 参考答案：A
【解析】根据定位词定位到第三段。该短语所在句指出，此外，德国的计划和德国企业管理中涉及的其 他方面很吻合，比如员工在公司董事会的代表。一旦经济形势恶化，老板们就不再解雇员工。根据上文“德 国的计划”是“为那些暂时停工的人支付了大部分工资，而不是任由他们被雇主解雇”；而德国企业管理中 涉及的其他方面包括workers’ representation on company boards（员工在公司董事会中有代表权），即 这种管理给了员工一定的保障，同德国的计划起到了同样的作用，因此德国的计划和德国企业管理中涉及的 其他方面是很契合的。根据该段最后一句“这些措施阻止企业在经济形势恶化的时候立刻解雇员工”也可推 知，A项“吻合”符合文意，故为正确答案。
【选项辨析】
选项B：略微落后； 选项C：主要来自；
选项D：很大程度上违背。
根据以上对本题的分析可知，其余三个选项均不符合此处文意，故排除。
32.【单项选择题】According to Paragraphs 4 and 5, although the scheme does have some problems,
A.successfully dispelled the doubts of skeptics.
B.does help reduce the unemployment rate.
C.it allows companies facing failure to survive the crisis.
D.does avoid a deep economic recession. 参考答案：B
【解析】根据定位词定位到第四至五段。第四段指出：该计划确实存在一些问题。第五段指出：休假计 划的成本确实巨大，但是严重经济衰退的代价更大；这样可以保住数万个岗位，即对降低失业率确实有所助 益，B项“但它对降低失业率确实有所助益”符合文意，故为正确答案。
【选项辨析】
选项A：但它成功打消了怀疑人士的疑虑。利用Those sceptical of furlough schemes设置干扰，但“打消 疑虑”原文未提及，故排除；
选项C：但它使面临倒闭的公司得以渡过危机。文中说的是“本应倒闭的公司”，而C项篡改为“面临倒闭的 公司”，故排除；
选项D：但它的确避免了经济的严重衰退。第五段只提到“休假计划的成本确实巨大，但是严重经济衰退的代价更大”，D项与文意不符，故排除。
33.【单项选择题】Which of the following is the best title of the text?
A.Germany Spends Big to Save Jobs
B.The Achievements of Furlough Schemes C.Pros and Cons of Furlough Schemes
D.A Furlough Scheme Deserves Imitation 参考答案：A
【解析】本文首段指出德国的休假计划曾成功减少失业率。第二至三段指出不确定德国的休假计划是否 适用于其他国家：疫情带来了太多不确定性。第四至五段指出：虽然该计划确实存在一些问题，但是对降低 失业率确实有所助益。最后一段指出该计划确实有用，但是一旦国家资金耗尽，失业率还是会迅速上升。综 上所述，A项“德国斥巨资来挽救就业”最符合文意，故为正确答案。
【选项辨析】
B项“休假计划的成果”和C项“休假计划的利弊”属于文章部分内容，以偏概全，故排除；
D项“休假计划值得效仿”的“值得效仿”与文意相悖，文中的观点是，休假计划对其他国家是否适用并不确 定，故D项排除。
【参考译文】
对许多经济学家来说，新冠肺炎疫情期间的休假计划是德国独有的。德国的休假计划也曾发挥作用，在2008年至2009年全球金融危机期间成功避免了大量失业的状况发生。当时，德国政府为那些暂时停工的人支 付了大部分工资，而不是任由他们被雇主解雇。这虽然没有阻止严重的经济衰退，但成功减少了失业。其他国家能否成功复制德国的计划？德国经济学家的答案是“Jein”，即不确定。首先，德国的休假计划正 在接受前所未有的考验。根据智库经济研究所的数据，在2009年5月金融危机最严重的时候，只有不到150万 德国工人被迫休无薪假，有730万德国雇员有短期工作。其次，没有人知道疫情的影响何时结束，也没人知道疫情是否会出现第二波高峰，而在金融危机期间，人们 普遍（而且正确地）认为经济衰退虽然很残酷但是持续时间很短。此外，德国的计划和德国企业管理中涉及 的其他方面是很契合的，比如员工在公司董事会中有代表权，这些措施阻止企业在经济形势恶化的时候立刻解雇员工。与德国的计划一样，法国的部分失业计划是灵活的：如果减少工人的工作时间，公司以只支付一部分工资。 法国和德国这些慷慨的计划招来了一些骗子。法国劳工部已经发现了几种类型的欺诈行为。一些公司为继续 工作（有时甚至加班）的员工申请了工资补贴。还有一些公司申请的补贴金额超过了员工的实际收入。据估 计，因欺诈而损失的休假工资占比高达10％。那些对休假计划持怀疑态度的人认为，休假计划成本太高，而且还让那些因经营不善而本应倒闭的公司得以继续经营。休假计划的成本确实巨大，但是严重经济衰退的代价更大。平均来看，普通德国员工的休假工资 相当于50岁以下的人第一年工作的工资。一些人无论如何都会继续工作，所以工资补贴对他们来说是一种浪 费。然而，对他们进行补贴或许是值得的，因为这样可以保住数万个岗位，虽然这样会让那些庸才存活得久 一点。科隆经济研究所的奥利弗 ·斯泰特斯表示，奥地利的情况说明了这些计划为什么会奏效。四月份登记的失业 率上升到了12.8％（比一年前上升了5.5个百分点）。然而，当引进一项改善了许多的计划，即将工资补贴提 升至工资的90％后，失业率在5月份稳定在11.5％。对于那些基本结构没有受创的经济体来说，短期的工作计 划是弥补短期低需求的有效途径。受经济复苏形式影响，一旦资金耗尽，欧元区国家的失业率可能最终会上 升，但是如果没有休假计划，失业率会上升更快。
【题干】根据以下材料，回答31-35题
Many psychologists, myself included, use the third-person perspective theme in their work in a variety of ways.Narrative therapy, for example, encourages clients to look at troublesome thoughts or tragic events from a bird’s eye view instead of from their own perspective.It’s an effective way to view frustrating events from a distance, reduce the emotional intensity and get an objective perspective that allows you to consider other factors that the emotional brain eclipses.Other forms of this theme include first-name self-talk in which you refer to yourself by name or use third-person pronouns such as “he”, “she” or “they”. University of Michigan psychologist Ethan Kross conducted research into the value of first-name self-talk as a way to disable social anxiety before and after a stressful event when people often ruminate about their performance.Kross gave 89 participants five minutes to prepare a speech.Half were told to use only “I” to refer to themselves while the other half were told to use their names.The “I” group had greater anxiety with such comments as, “There’s no way I can prepare a speech in five minutes,” while the name group had less anxiety and expressed confidence using self-talk such as,” Bryan, you can do this.“The name group was also rated higher in performance by independent evaluators and were less likely to ruminate after the speech.Other studies also show that first-name self-talk is more likely to empower you and increase the likelihood that, compared to someone using “I” self-talk, you see a challenge instead of a threat. Clayton Critcher and David Dunning at the University of California at Berkeley conducted a series of studies showing that positive affirmations function as “cognitive expanders,” bringing a wider perspective to diffuse the brain’s tunnel vision of self-threats.Their findings show that self-affirmations help us transcend the zoom-lens mode by engaging the wide- angle lens of the mind.Self-affirmations helped research participants see themselves more fully in a broader self-view, bolstering their self-worth. Studies from the University of Wisconsin show that compassion and kindness affect brain regions that make you more empathetic.Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), researchers discovered that brain circuits used to detect emotions were dramatically changed in subjects who had extensive practice in positive meditation.Instead of coming down hard on yourself, loving-kindness gives you an outside perspective, helping you bounce back quicker.A survey of 119 Carleton University students who took the viewpoint of an outside observer after procrastinating on the first midterm exam were less likely to delay studying for the second one. These findings contribute to a growing body of research which shows that retrieving memories is an active process.Adopting an observer-like perspective involves viewing the past in a way which requires greater interaction among brain regions that support our ability to recall the details of a memory and to recreate mental images in our mind’s eye.
34.【单项选择题】What can we learn from Paragraph 1?
A.Psychologists tend to overuse narrative therapy.
B.The treatment of psychological diseases is complex.
C.Sub-personalities should not be neglected in therapy.
D.Objectivity helps clients to notice neglected factors. 参考答案：D
【解析】根据题干定位至原文第一段，作者从自身工作经历的角度阐述了心理存在问题的人从第三人称 视角看待自己的经历会带来怎样的好处。从第三人称的宏观视角看令人沮丧的事情，会让情绪不那么激动,增加客观性，使病人看到那些可能被情绪所掩盖的其他因素，看到之前没有看到的因素，因此答案选D“客 观性有助于病人注意到被忽视的因素”。
【选项辨析】
选项A：心理学家倾向于过度使用叙述疗法；
选项B：心理疾病的治疗很复杂； 选项C：治疗中不应忽视亚人格。
35.【单项选择题】Ethan Kross’s research show that
A.the way people address themselves impacts their self-esteem
B.it is natural to feel anxious and depressed before a stressful event C.public speaking offers a great opportunity to enhance self-confidence
D.not every one can see a challenge as an opportunity 参考答案：A
【解析】根据题干关键词Ethan Kross定位到第二段：他的研究发现，在一项令人焦虑的事情发生前，用 “我”来称呼自己会让自己更不自信、更焦虑，而用自己的名字来称呼自己反而会更加从容，因此答案选A“人们称呼自己的方式影响他们的自尊程度”。
【选项辨析】
选项B：在压力事件发生前感到焦虑和沮丧是很自然的； 选项C：公开演讲给人提供了增强自信的好机会；
选项D：并不是每个人都能把挑战看作机遇。文中说的是用名字称呼自己更有可能让你看到挑战而不是威胁 ,转述有误。
36.【单项选择题】Clayton Critcher and David Dunning found that
A.negative feedback produces improvement in people’s performance. B.positive affirmations break patterns of negative thoughts.
C.a positive mindset can help people to broaden their horizon. D.the truth behind how affirmations work is still not revealed.
参考答案：C
【解析】根据题干关键词Clayton Critcher and David Dunning定位到第三段。他们两人认为积极的自 我肯定可以使大脑用更广阔的视角来看待事物，避免看事情的角度狭隘，强化自我价值，因此答案选C“积极 的心态可以帮助人们开阔视野”。
【选项辨析】
选项A：负面的反馈能改善人们的表现。与文义相反；
选项B：积极的肯定打破了消极思想的模式。属于对原文的过于延伸；
选项D：“肯定如何运作”背后的真相仍然没有被揭示。与文章内容无关。
37.【单项选择题】What can we infer from Paragraph 4?
A.Self-assertion makes people more resilient from a negative event.
B.People should learn to focus on a particular object, thought, or activity. C.Meditation is a simple practice available to all, which can reduce stress. D.People rely on brain circuit to interpret information about the world.
参考答案：A
【解析】第四段主要通过介绍威斯康辛大学的研究成果和卡尔顿大学的学生调查结果，表达了不要对自 己太苛刻，像同情、善良、积极向上这些情绪会更容易让我们从客观的外部视角审视自己，帮助自己更快地 从痛苦的经历中恢复过来，因此答案选A“自我肯定使人们在消极事件中更容易恢复过来”。
【选项辨析】
选项B：人们应该学会专注于一个特定的对象、思想或活动；
选项C：冥想是一种对所有人都适用的简单练习，可以减轻压力； 选项D：人们依靠大脑的回路来解读外界的信息。
38.【单项选择题】What is this text mainly about?
A.Recalling memories from a third-person view makes people indifferent to their sufferings. B.The implementation of a third-person perspective still has a long way to go in therapy.
C.A third-person perspective changes how your brain processes negative situations.
D.Optimism makes challenging things seem possible and improves life quality. 参考答案：C
【解析】本文的主要内容是使用第三人称视角来看待自己的遭遇会更加客观，而且带给自己更多的力量 ,使自己的视角更开阔，更容易从消极的事件中恢复，因此答案选C“第三人称视角改变了你大脑处理负面情 况的方式”。
【选项辨析】
选项A：从第三人称视角回顾记忆使人们对自己受到的痛苦感到无所谓； 选项B：在治疗中实施第三人称视角仍有很长的路要走；
选项D：乐观使具有挑战性的事情看起来是可能的，并提高生活质量。 【参考译文】
包括我在内的许多心理学家，在他们的工作中以各种方式使用第三人称视角的方式。例如，叙事疗法鼓励病 人从俯视全局的角度来看待不安的想法或悲惨的事件，而不是从他们自己的角度。这是一种有效的方式，从 远处看令人沮丧的事情，会减少情绪的激烈程度，并获得一个客观的视角，让你考虑被情绪所掩盖的其他因素。这一方式的其他形式包括用自己的名字称呼自己，或者用第三人称代词（如“他”“她”或“他们 ”)来指代自己。
密歇根大学的心理学家伊桑 ·克罗斯进行了一项研究，研究“在一件人们经常纠结自己表现的紧张事件发生 前后，用自己的名字称呼自己作为消除社交焦虑的方法”的价值。克罗斯给了89位参与者5分钟时间准备演讲 。其中一半人被告知只用“我”指代自己，另一半人则被告知用自己的名字称呼自己。用“我”指代自己的 这一组的焦虑程度更高，他们会说：“我不可能在五分钟内准备好一场演讲。”而名字组的焦虑程度较低,他们会用自言自语的方式表达自信，比如：“布莱恩，你能做到。”另外，独立评估者也认为，以名字称 呼自己的那一组人在演讲后的表现也更出色，也不太可能反复回想自己先前的表现。其他研究也表明，与使 用“我”指代自己的人相比，用名字称呼自己更有可能给你带来力量，也更有可能让你看到挑战而不是威胁。加州大学伯克利分校的克莱顿 ·克拉彻和大卫 ·邓宁进行了一系列的研究，表明积极的肯定具有“认知扩展 器”的功能，为大脑提供了更广阔的视角来驱散自我威胁的狭隘看法。他们的发现表明，自我肯定可以通过 调动思维的广角镜头，帮助我们超越变焦镜头模式。自我肯定帮助研究的参与者在更广阔的自我视野中更全 面地看待自己，增强了他们的自我价值肯定。威斯康辛大学的研究表明，同情和善良会影响使你更有同理心的大脑区域。利用功能性磁共振成像，研究人员发现，在大量练习积极冥想的实验参与者中，用来检测情绪的大脑回路发生了显著变化。不要对自己太苛 刻，爱心可以给你一个外部的视角，帮助你更快地恢复。一项对119名卡尔顿大学学生的调查显示，第一次期 中考试拖延不愿复习的学生采取了外部视角看待这件事后，不太可能在第二次考试的学习中拖拖拉拉。这些发现带来的越来越多的研究表明，回忆是一个主动的过程。采用一种外部观察者的视角，涉及到以一种 需要更多大脑区域相互作用的方式来看待过去，这些大脑区域会增强我们回想记忆细节和在脑海中重建心理 图像的能力。
【题干】根据以下材料，回答36-40题
In January, Liberia’s education minister announced it had outsourced the country’s failing primary-education system to a privately run American educational company called Bridge International Academies.The $11 million, one-year pilot program launched a fevered debate about whether outsiders should design a national curriculum and what responsibility a government has to educate its own populace. But lost amid the outrage was a more important question, at least for Liberian students: Could Bridge’s digital learning program achieve what an impoverished Education Ministry could not? Instead of replacing or retraining Liberia’s poorly performing teachers—a typical though costly and time-consuming response—Bridge’s solution was to furnish them with a tablet-based, highly structured and standardized teaching script designed to give students the best education possible under the circumstances. While the proportion of children finishing primary school in sub-Saharan Africa has improved in recent years, the quality of their schooling has not.Schools are often underfunded and badly equipped.Teachers perform poorly, if they show up at all.Only 59% of the population is literate, compared with a global average of 84%.That matters for all of us.By 2050, half the world’s youth—nearly 1 billion—will be in Africa. As the annual World Economic Forum on Africa convened in Kigali this May, many attendees looked to the potential of online education as a way to close the continent’s education gap.Evenadvocates of online learning recognize its limitations—studies show that people tend to learn best where teaching is interactive.But Africa’s education challenge is simply too great.“Wedon’t have a choice,” says Temitope Ola, head of the Swiss Institute of Technology’s MOOCs for Africa program.Digital platforms can reduce the time it takes to train teachers—a good way to get as many people a basic level of education as quickly as possible.“If you can transform someone who is not a teacher into someone who can get the job done, it’s still better thanhaving nothing at all. ”Zipline co-founder Will Hetzler attended Harvard University, one of the many U.S.universities now offering online access toits lectures for a global student body.But Hetzler says that the most valuable part of his Harvard education wasn’t the lectures but the interaction with peers and professors outside of class. So while fixing education in Africa starts with putting digital content in the hands of schoolchildren and their teachers, the effort can’t stop there.It has to ensure that those students are learning from each other, whether they are sitting in the same classroom with an engaged teacher, or linked into a virtual crossroads of interaction and ideas.If Africa wantsto create a generation that will move the continent forward, it will have to invest in technology and teachers.
39.【单项选择题】Which statement about Bridge’s digital learning program is reasonable?
A.It is proved to be a failed system.
B.It means to train the poorly-performed teachers.
C.It hasn’t been proved to be effective.
D.It turned to be a long and expensive program. 参考答案：C
【解析】根据题干关键词Bridge’s digital learning program定位到原文第二段，其第二句分析了这 项计划的方案：为老师们提供一个基于平板电脑、高度结构化和标准化的教学脚本(furnish them with atablet-based, highly structured and standardized teaching script designed)。第一段末尾提及该计 划引发了一场激烈的辩论，第二段段首又提出了“桥梁数字学习计划能否实现已经穷尽了方法的教育部未能 实现的目标”的疑问。综合以上，这项计划最终的效果还没能显示出来，只是在进行预期的猜测，其有效性 还有待证明属于合理推测，故选项C正确。【选项辨析】选项A：它被证明是一个失败的系统。原文未提及，无法证明这一陈述，故排除；选项B：它意味着要培训那些教学不佳的教师。是对信息的错误判断，文中第二段第二句提及：Instead of replacing or retraining Liberia’s poorly performing teachers—a typical though costly and time—consuming response—Bridge’s solution was to……说明其并非要培训教学表现不佳的老师；选项D：他是一个耗时长花费高的项目。属于张冠李戴，原文中说的是对老师的再培训是一个耗时的工程，并 非是对桥梁数字学习计划的形容，故排除。
40.【单项选择题】It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that
A.the teaching quality of Africa has made huge progress in recent years.
B.the African teachers lack confidence for teaching performance.
C.the number of well-educated youth of Africa has risen rapidly recently.
D.the current teaching situation of Africa should arouse the attention of the world. 参考答案：D
【解析】根据题干定位至原文第三段，其中先提到非洲目前的教育状况，然后说到“这对我们所有人都 很重要”(That matters for all of us)，最后点出其重要的原因是“到2050年，全球一半的青年（近10亿 )将在非洲”(By 2050, half the world’s youth—nearly 1 billion—will be in Africa)。故选项D“非洲当前的教学现状应引起世界的关注”正确。
【选项辨析】选项A：非洲教学质量在近年有了很大提升。第三段第一句提到：其教育质量没有得到提升，故 排除；选项B：非洲教师在教学表现上缺乏信心。第三句仅提到：就算有老师来上课，教得也很差。并没有提到自信 心的影响，故排除；选项C：近年来非洲受过良好教育的年轻人数量迅速提升。第一句仅仅是提及：近年来撒哈拉以南非洲的小学 毕业儿童比例有所增加。故排除。
41.【单项选择题】The promotion of online learning system in Africa is mainly for
A.the huge gap between Africa and other countries.
B.the flawless system of online learning.
C.the professional teacher training of the system.
D.the plenty of interactions provided by the system.
参考答案：A
【解析】根据题干定位至原文第四段，其第一句提到：许多与会者展望了线上教育的潜力，并将此作为 缩小非洲大陆教育差距的途径(many attendees looked to the potential of online education as a way to close the continent’s education gap)，可以判断推动该项计划主要是因为存在的巨大教育差距，故A选项正确。
【选项辨析】选项B：线上教育系统的完美无缺。第四段提到了线上教育的局限性：研究表明人们往往在教学 互动良好的地方学习效果最佳(studies show that people tend to learn best where teaching isinteractive)，线上教育系统缺少互动，所以它并不完美，故排除；选项C：系统专业的教师培训。虽然文中有提到：数字平台可以缩短培训教师的时间(Digital platforms can reduce the timeit takes to train teachers)，但不是推动该项计划的主要原因，故排除；选项D：系统提供的大量互动机会。与文意相悖，故排除。
42.【单项选择题】It can be concluded from the last two paragraphs that
A.Harvard University has the most advanced online study system.
B.the interaction with students and teachers in learning counts a lot.
C.teachers play a less important role in African education.
D.the improvement of African education comes with tremendous cost. 参考答案：B
【解析】第五段第二句提到：但是赫茨勒说他在哈佛求学期间最有价值的部分不是讲座，而是课堂之外 与同学和教授的互动。(But Hetzler says that the most valuable part of his Harvard educationwasn’t the lectures but the interaction with peers and professors outside of class.) 并且第六段第二句提到：它必须确保这些学生相互学习，不论他们是与一位投入的教师身处一间教室，还是与一个互 动和想法的虚拟十字路口相连。(It has to ensure that those students are learning from each other,whether they are sitting in the same classroom with an engaged teacher, or linked into a virtual crossroads of interaction and ideas.) 由此可判断，师生互动是非常重要的，故B选项正确。 【选项辨析】选项A：哈佛大学有最先进的线上学习系统。文章最后两段中并没有体现，故排除；选项C：非洲教育中教师的角色没有那么重要。第六段第二句提到教师时说：它必须确保这些学生相互学习 ,不论他们是与一位敬业的教师身处一间教室。 (It has to ensure that those students are learning from each other, whether they are sitting in the same classroom with an engaged teacher)，第三 句提到：如果非洲想要创造可以推动非洲大陆发展的一代，它将必须为技术和教师投资。(If Africa wantsto create a generation that will move the continent forward, it will have to invest in technology and teachers.) 由此可判断教师的角色还是很重要的，故排除； 选项D：非洲教育的提升需要大量的花费。文章最后一段只是说必须为技术和教师投资，没有提到相关费用 ,故排除。
43.【单项选择题】What is the author’s attitude towards online education in Africa?
A.Supportive. B.Skeptical. C.Neutral.
D.Biased.
参考答案：A
【解析】作者在最后一段中讨论了如何发展非洲的线上教育，认为：如果非洲想要创造可以推动大陆发 展的一代，就必须为技术和教师投资。(If Africa wants to create a generation that will move the continent forward, it will have to invest in technology and teachers.) 由此可判断作者的态度是应当支持的，故A选项正确。
【选项辨析】选项B：怀疑的。虽然文中也提到了推动线上教育的不确定性，但总体上还是比较有信心的； 选项C：中立的。从文章整体可以判断作者是带有一定的倾向而不是绝对中立的；选项D：有偏见的。如果说作者偏向某一观点，那也是偏向支持线上教育。故均排除。
【参考译文】
今年1月，利比里亚教育部长宣布将该国岌岌可危的小学教育系统外包给一家私立的美国教育公司——桥梁国 际学院。这项耗资1100万美元、为期一年的试点项目引发了一场激烈的辩论，即外部人员是否应该设计国家 课程，以及政府在教育自己民众时应负有怎样的责任。但在愤怒中人们忘记了一个更重要的问题，至少对于利比里亚学生来说：桥梁数字学习计划能否实现已经穷尽了方法的教育部未能实现的目标?这项计划并非替代或再培训利比里亚表现不佳的教师——这是一个典型但 耗资耗时的反应——桥梁计划提供的解决方案是为老师们提供一个基于平板电脑、高度结构化和标准化的教 学脚本，旨在在这种情况下尽可能给学生提供最好的教育。虽然近年来撒哈拉以南非洲的小学毕业儿童比例有所增加，但其教育质量没有得到提升。学校往往资金不足 、设备简陋。就算有老师来上课，教得也很差。非洲仅有59％的人口识字，而全球平均率为84％。这点对我 们所有人来说都很重要。到2050年，世界上一半的青年——近10亿人——都将生活在非洲。今年5月非洲年度世界经济论坛在基加利召开，许多与会者展望了线上教育的潜力，并将此作为缩小非洲大陆 教育差距的途径。即使线上学习的倡导者也承认它的局限性——研究表明人们往往在教学互动良好的地方学 习效果最佳。但非洲的教育挑战实在太大。”我们别无选择。”瑞士联邦理工学院非洲慕课项目负责人泰米 托普 ·奥拉表示。数字平台可以缩短培训教师的时间——这是让尽可能多的人尽快获得基本教育水平的好方 法。 “如果你能把一个不是老师的人变成可以完成（教师）工作的人，那总比什么都没有好。”Zipline联合创始人威尔 ·赫茨勒曾在哈佛大学学习，它是目前为全球学生群体提供在线学习讲座的众多美国 学校之一。但是赫茨勒说他在哈佛求学期间最有价值的部分不是讲座，而是课堂之外与同学和教授的互动。因此，将数字内容交到学童和老师手中作为完善非洲教育的开始，但努力应不止于此。它必须确保这些学生相互学习，不论他们是与一位敬业的教师身处一间教室，还是与一个互动和想法的虚拟十字路口相连。如果 非洲想要创造可以推动非洲大陆发展的一代，它将必须为技术和教师投资。
【题干】根据下面资料，回答41-45题
A.COVID-19 alone has not created this crisis.Rather, it is one more devastating blow,complicating and deepening the troubles of countries already struggling with the impact of war, global heating, other health crises, and specific threats such as the locust infestations plaguing east Africa.
B.All this is a matter of common decency, but also of self-interest.In 2007-08 we saw how rising food prices can destabilise societies, producing repercussions felt much more widely.In several countries, the spectre of unrest is already emerging.Coronavirus is the latest and perhaps most immediate demonstration of what the climate crisis and wars in Syria and elsewhere should already have told us: that other people’s suffering will not be contained.It is our business, too.
C.The head of the World Food Programme warns that we are now on the brink of a hunger pandemic, with the prospect of multiple famines “of biblical proportions” within a few months, across three dozen countries.Households already struggling to survive have lost the work that fed them.Remittances sent home by family members abroad are predicted to fall by around a fifth due to COVID-19.Tourism has vanished.Children are missing the nutritious school meals they depend upon.Quarantine regulations and transport issues are disrupting food supply chains.
D.Famine is riding alongside plague, on the tail of war.Though coronavirus leaves no part of the world untouched, its impact will be harshest in places that were already suffering.Yet the problems it brings with it may prove more deadly than COVID-19 itself.Even in the richest countries, coronavirus has left families in hunger; for the poorest, it could mean starvation. E.Particularly essential within that is the $350m logistics plan, which would allow goods and relief workers to reach crisis-hit areas.Persuading governments to allow essential agricultural and food workers to move within and between countries will be crucial.The UN has warned that trying to protect domestic supplies through tariffs and export bans will create extreme volatility.Finally, the G20 and International Monetary Fund agreements to suspend debt are a step forward, but insufficient; private creditors too must act.
F.Developing countries cannot afford the support packages adopted elsewhere, and no single nation can solve supply issues.International solutions are required; UN organisations are uniquely placed to handle border closures, restrictions and transport disruption given their regional presences, contacts and diplomacy.In the long run, warn economists and global health experts, developing countries will need trillions of dollars to recover.The UN is seeking just $2bn for its emergency appeal; yet as of last week, wealthier countries had pledged only a quarter of that.They must deliver on those promises now, and give more.
G.It could almost double the number of those facing acute hunger, pushing an additional 130 million people to the brink of starvation by the end of the year.In all, shortages are likely to affect a fifth of the world’s population.Many of them live in overcrowded conditions, with poor sanitation, and a considerable number have pre-existing health problems such as HIV or TB; malnutrition will make them more vulnerable to COVID-19 and other threats.Yet the worst is not inevitable.The food crisis is currently one of distribution and affordability, though in the longer term agriculture is likely to suffer, particularly in places where it is labour intensive.
44.【单项选择题】第（41）题选
A.A.COVID-19 alone has not created this crisis.Rather, it is one more devastating blow, complicating and deepening the troubles of countries already struggling with the impact of war, global heating, other health crises, and specific threats such as the locust infestation plaguing east Africa.
B.B.All this is a matter of common decency, but also of self-interest.In 2007-08 we saw how rising food prices can destabilise societies, producing repercussions felt much more widely.In several countries, the spectre of unrest is already emerging.Coronavirus is the latest and perhaps most immediate demonstration of what the climate crisis and wars in Syria and elsewhere should already have told us: that other people’s suffering will not be contained.It is our business, too.
C.D.Famine is riding alongside plague, on the tail of war.Though coronavirus leaves no part of the world untouched, its impact will be harshest in places that were already suffering.Yet the problems it brings with it may prove more deadly than COVID-19 itself.Even in the richest countries, coronavirus has left families in hunger; for the poorest, it could mean starvation.
D.E.Particularly essential within that is the $350m logistics plan, which would allow goods and relief workers to reach crisis-hit areas.Persuading governments to allow essential agricultural and food workers to move within and between countries will be crucial.The UN has warned that trying to protect domestic supplies through tariffs and export bans will create extreme volatility.Finally, the G20 and International Monetary Fund agreements to suspend debt are a step forward, but insufficient; private creditors too must act.
E.G.It could almost double the number of those facing acute hunger, pushing an additional 130 million people to the brink of starvation by the end of the year.In all, shortages are likely to affect a fifth of the world’s population.Many of them live in overcrowded conditions, with poor sanitation, and a considerable number have pre-existing health problems such as HIV or TB; malnutrition will make them more vulnerable to COVID-19 and other threats.Yet the worst is not inevitable.The food crisis is currently one of distribution and affordability, though in the longer term agriculture is likely to suffer, particularly in places where it is labour
intensive. 参考答案：C
【解析】本题所选段为文章首段，根据各选项首句中的this crisis、All this、Particularly essential within that、It可知这些信息之前还有其他内容，因此A、B、E、G项均不是文章首段，故可以确 定D项为首段，本题选D。
45.【单项选择题】第（42）题选
A.A.COVID-19 alone has not created this crisis.Rather, it is one more devastating blow, complicating and deepening the troubles of countries already struggling with the impact of war, global heating, other health crises, and specific threats such as the locust infestations plaguing east Africa.
B.B.All this is a matter of common decency, but also of self-interest.In 2007-08 we saw how rising food prices can destabilise societies, producing repercussions felt much more widely.In several countries, the spectre ofunrest is already emerging.Coronavirus is the latest and perhaps most immediate demonstration of what the climate crisis and wars in Syria and elsewhere should already have told us: that other people’s suffering will not be contained.It is our business, too.
C.D.Famine is riding alongside plague, on the tail of war.Though coronavirus leaves no part of the world untouched, its impact will be harshest in places that were already suffering.Yet the problems it brings with it may prove more deadly than COVID-19 itself.Even in the richestcountries, coronavirus has left families in hunger; for the poorest, it could mean starvation. D.E.Particularly essential within that is the $350m logistics plan, which would allow goods and relief workers to reach crisis-hit areas.Persuading governments to allow essential agricultural and food workers to move within and between countries will be crucial.The UN has warned that trying to protect domestic supplies through tariffs and export bans will create extreme volatility.Finally, the G20 and International Monetary Fund agreements to suspend debt are a step forward, but insufficient; private creditors too must act.
E.G.It could almost double the number of those facing acute hunger, pushing an additional 130 million people to the brink of starvation by the end of the year.In all, shortages are likely to affect a fifth of the world’s population.Many of them live in overcrowded conditions, with poor sanitation, and a considerable number have pre-existing health problems such as HIV or TB; malnutrition will make them more vulnerable to COVID-19 and other threats.Yet the worst is not inevitable.The food crisis is currently one of distribution and affordability, though in the longer term agriculture is likely to suffer, particularly in places where it is labour
intensive. 参考答案：A
【解析】本题所选段位于C项之后。C项指出由于新冠肺炎疫情，在国外务工的家庭成员寄回国内的汇款 预计将减少约两成。旅游业消亡了。孩子们无法吃上他们依赖的学校营养餐。隔离规定和运输问题正扰乱食 品供应链。此处在讨论疫情的影响，那么下文很可能与疫情有关，A项首句指出此次危机并非仅由新冠肺炎疫 情造成。可以与上文（C项）很好地衔接，故A项正确。
46.【单项选择题】第（43）题选
A.A.COVID-19 alone has not created this crisis.Rather, it is one more devastating blow, complicating and deepening the troubles of countries already struggling with the impact of war, global heating, other health crises, and specific threats such as the locust infestations plaguing east Africa.
B.B.All this is a matter of common decency, but also of self-interest.In 2007-08 we saw how rising food prices can destabilise societies, producing repercussions felt much more widely.In several countries, the spectre of unrest is already emerging.Coronavirus is the latest and perhaps most immediate demonstration of what the climate crisis and wars in Syria and elsewhere should already have told us: that other people’s suffering will not be contained.It is our business, too.
C.D.Famine is riding alongside plague, on the tail of war.Though coronavirus leaves no part of the world untouched, its impact will be harshest in places that were already suffering.Yet the problems it brings with it may prove more deadly than COVID-19 itself.Even in the richest countries, coronavirus has left families in hunger; for the poorest, it could mean starvation.
D.E.Particularly essential within that is the $350m logistics plan, which would allow goods and relief workers to reach crisis-hit areas.Persuading governments to allow essential agricultural and food workers to move within and between countries will be crucial.The UN has warned that trying to protect domestic supplies through tariffs and export bans will create extreme volatility.Finally, the G20 and International Monetary Fund agreements to suspend debt are a step forward, but insufficient; private creditors too must act.
E.G.It could almost double the number of those facing acute hunger, pushing an additional 130million people to the brink of starvation by the end of the year.In all, shortages are likely to affect a fifth of the world’s population.Many of them live in overcrowded conditions, with poor sanitation, and a considerable number have pre-existing health problems such as HIV or TB; malnutrition will make them more vulnerable to COVID-19 and other threats.Yet the worst is not inevitable.The food crisis is currently one of distribution and affordability, though in the longer term agriculture is likely to suffer, particularly in places where it is labour
intensive. 参考答案：E
【解析】上一段A项末尾指出此次疫情是另一场毁灭性的打击，使这些国家面对的困难更复杂、更严重。 G项首句指出它几乎会使面临严重饥饿问题的人数翻一番，截至今年年底将使濒临饿死的人数再增加1.3亿。 本句是在讲疫情带来的具体影响，是对上一段“使这些国家面对的困难更复杂、更严重”的进一步说明，故 G项正确。
47.【单项选择题】第（44）题选
A.A.COVID-19 alone has not created this crisis.Rather, it is one more devastating blow, complicating and deepening the troubles of countries already struggling with the impact of war, global heating, other health crises, and specific threats such as the locust infestations plaguing east Africa.
B.B.All this is a matter of common decency, but also of self-interest.In 2007-08 we saw how rising food prices can destabilise societies, producing repercussions felt much more widely.In several countries, the spectre of unrest is already emerging.Coronavirus is the latest and perhaps most immediate demonstration of what the climate crisis and wars in Syria and elsewhere should already have told us: that other people’s suffering will not be contained.It is our business, too.
C.D.Famine is riding alongside plague, on the tail of war.Though coronavirus leaves no part of the world untouched, its impact will be harshest in places that were already suffering.Yet the problems it brings with it may prove more deadly than COVID-19 itself.Even in the richest countries, coronavirus has left families in hunger; for the poorest, it could mean starvation.
D.E.Particularly essential within that is the $350m logistics plan, which would allow goods and relief workers to reach crisis-hit areas.Persuading governments to allow essential agricultural and food workers to move within and between countries will be crucial.The UN has warned that trying to protect domestic supplies through tariffs and export bans will create extreme volatility.Finally, the G20 and International Monetary Fund agreements to suspend debt are a step forward, but insufficient; private creditors too must act.
E.G.It could almost double the number of those facing acute hunger, pushing an additional 130 million people to the brink of starvation by the end of the year.In all, shortages are likely to affect a fifth of the world’s population.Many of them live in overcrowded conditions, with poor sanitation, and a considerable number have pre-existing health problems such as HIV or TB; malnutrition will make them more vulnerable to COVID-19 and other threats.Yet the worst is not inevitable.The food crisis is currently one of distribution and affordability, though in the longer term agriculture is likely to suffer, particularly in places where it is labour intensive. 参考答案：D
【解析】已知选项F重在讨论资金问题，E项首句指出，需耗资3.5亿美元的物流计划尤为重要，同样涉及 了资金问题，故E项符合上下文逻辑，为正确答案。
48.【单项选择题】第（45）题选
A.A.COVID-19 alone has not created this crisis.Rather, it is one more devastating blow, complicating and deepening the troubles of countries already struggling with the impact of war, global heating, other health crises, and specific threats such as the locust infestations plaguing east Africa.
B.B.All this is a matter of common decency, but also of self-interest.In 2007-08 we saw how rising food prices can destabilise societies, producing repercussions felt much more widely.In several countries, the spectre of unrest is already emerging.Coronavirus is the latest and perhaps most immediate demonstration of what the climate crisis and wars in Syria and elsewhere should already have told us: that other people’s suffering will not be contained.It is our business, too.
C.D.Famine is riding alongside plague, on the tail of war.Though coronavirus leaves no part of the world untouched, its impact will be harshest in places that were already suffering.Yet the problems it brings with it may prove more deadly than COVID-19 itself.Even in the richest countries, coronavirus has left families in hunger; for the poorest, it could mean starvation. D.E.Particularly essential within that is the $350m logistics plan, which would allow goods and relief workers to reach crisis-hit areas.Persuading governments to allow essential agricultural and food workers to move within and between countries will be crucial.The UN has warned that trying to protect domestic supplies hrough tariffs and export bans will create extreme volatility.Finally, the G20 and International Monetary Fund agreements to suspend debt are a step forward, but insufficient; private creditors too must act.
E.G.It could almost double the number of those facing acute hunger, pushing an additional 130 million people to the brink of starvation by the end of the year.In all, shortages are likely to affect a fifth of the world’s population.Many of them live in overcrowded conditions, with poor sanitation, and a considerable number have pre-existing health problems such as HIV or TB; malnutrition will make them more vulnerable to COVID-19 and other threats.Yet the worst is not inevitable.The food crisis is currently one of distribution and affordability, though in the longer term agriculture is likely to suffer, particularly in places where it is labour intensive. 参考答案：B
【解析】B项首句指出，所有这些都事关普遍道德，但也关乎个体利益。最后一句指出，他人遭遇的灾难 会蔓延，这也是我们的事。可见这是总结性内容，应为文章末段，故B项正确。
【参考译文】
饥荒与瘟疫往往尾随战争一同发生。尽管新冠肺炎在全球范围内肆虐，但其影响对已经处于水深火热的地区 而言是最严重的。然而此次疫情带来的次生问题可能比它本身更为致命。即便在最富裕的国家，新冠肺炎也 已让许多家庭忍饥挨饿；而在最贫穷的国家，人们可能会被饿死。世界粮食计划署负责人警告称，我们正处于“大饥荒”的边缘，30多个国家可能会在未来数月内遭遇“极其 严重的”多轮饥荒。已在艰难度日的家庭失去了他们赖以为生的工作。由于新冠肺炎疫情，在国外务工的家 庭成员寄回国内的汇款预计将减少约两成。旅游业消亡了。孩子们无法吃上他们依赖的学校营养餐。隔离规 定和运输问题正扰乱食品供应链。此次危机并非仅由新冠肺炎疫情造成。更确切地说，部分国家已经在艰难对抗战争、全球变暖、其他卫生领 域危机和诸如肆虐东非地区的蝗灾在内的具体威胁，此次疫情是另一场毁灭性的打击，使这些国家面临的困 难更复杂、更严重。它几乎会使面临严重饥饿问题的人数翻一番，截至今年年底将使濒临饿死的人数再增加1.3亿。总之，粮食短 缺可能影响到世界五分之一的人口。他们中的许多人生活在拥挤不堪的环境中，那些地方卫生条件差且相当 多的人早已有艾滋病或结核病等健康问题；营养不良将使他们更容易受到新冠肺炎疫情和其他威胁的影响。但是，最坏的情况是可以避免的。目前，粮食危机还只是一场关乎分配和支付能力的危机，但从长远来看 ,农业可能会受到影响，特别是在劳动力密集的地方。发展中国家负担不起其他国家采用的一揽子扶持方案，也没有一个国家能够独立解决供应问题。这需要国际 解决方案；鉴于联合国相关机构在各区域均设有办事处，能够对外联络和开展外交，它们在处理边界关闭、 限制和运输中断等问题上具有独特地位。经济学家和全球卫生专家警告称，从长远来看，发展中国家需要数 万亿美元才能复苏。联合国为紧急状况寻求的募款仅20亿美元；但截至上周，较富裕的国家只承诺提供所需 的四分之一。他们必须立即兑现诺言，并提供更多资金。其中，需耗资3.5亿美元的物流计划尤为重要，它能让货物以及救援人员抵达遭受危机打击的地区。说服政府 允许农业和粮食领域关键的工作人员在国内和国际流动也至关重要。联合国已警告称，试图通过关税和出口 禁令来保护国内供给将会造成极大的动荡。最后，20国集团与国际基金组织达成的债务延期偿付协议是一种 进步，但还不够；私人债权人也必须行动起来。所有这些都事关普遍道德，但也关乎个体利益。2007年至2008年期间，我们目睹了粮食价格上涨如何使社会 变得动荡不安，造成影响深远的恶果。在一些国家，人们已然对或将出现的动荡局面产生恐惧。气候危机和 叙利亚等地的战争早就该告诉我们一点，而新冠肺炎再一次、或许也最直接地向我们证明了这一点：他人遭 遇的灾难会蔓延，这也是我们的事。
